What is the General Fund and what does it support?
The General Fund is the backbone of Arizona’s state government, supporting more than 60 state agencies. In state fiscal year 2025, the General Fund appropriation totaled $16.2 billion. About 95 percent of the General Fund dollars went to nine agencies, with the Department of Education receiving the largest portion.
Do General Fund revenues keep up with state budget obligations?
No. Arizona’s budget is $1.7 billion short in payment obligations and formulas than it should be.
The state legislature has used a variety of accounting gimmicks and suspended formulas to balance the budget, and sometimes those actions are taken to avoid adequately and timely funding state programs and services.
- Delayed costs, an accounting gimmick known as “rollovers,” which pushes the payment of certain bills into the following fiscal year. They can continue year after year until the legislature decides to reverse them.
- Several state budget formulas are unfunded. These formulas are put into state law to automatically adjust specific types of spending for certain factors every year, such as inflation or growth in people needing the service. The legislature has eliminated some of these formulas from state law, and others remain in state law but go without funding in the state budget.
- Additionally, the FY2025 General Fund budget included a few more budget tricks, such as partial or complete cuts and fund transfers, resulting in yet more unfunded items.
What programs and services were delayed, cut, or not funded in fiscal year 2025?
In order to balance the FY2025 budget, policymakers reduced investments in education, housing, water, and transportation infrastructure. Additionally, we saw the transition of funding for many programs go from ongoing to one-time. This means that the legislature will need to debate each year whether funds are available for things like the Healthy Families program, the opportunity weight for schools in high-poverty areas, and adult workforce training programs.
The AZCenter compiled a list of unfunded items in the FY2025 budget in the interactive table below, including cutting $333 million for water supply funding.
Click on the arrow on the upper and lower right side of the table below to see the full list of unfunded budget items by agency.
Is there state funding beyond the General Fund?
Yes. There are four types of funds.
The largest source of funding for state agencies is the federal government. Arizona receives over $29 billion in federal dollars. The General Fund provides nearly $16 billion. Other funds include over $5 billion appropriated by the legislature and more than $14 billion in non-appropriated funds. The federal Temporary Assistance for Needy Families block grant is an example of an appropriated fund. Non-appropriated funds are funds that agencies may spend without being authorized by the legislature. Most recently, American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) dollars were non-appropriated funds.
How much does Arizona rely on federal funds?
Arizona’s budget depends most on federal funds, which make up 45 percent of its revenues.
As Congress considers significant federal budget reductions, the federal government may pass a budget that shifts costs to states for federally funded programs. For example, Arizona could be required to pay a greater share of health care or pay a state match for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for the first time. Arizona’s budget would find these cost shifts impossible to afford.
Who contributes to the General Fund through taxes?
Individual income and sales and use taxes make up 79 percent of General Fund revenue, both regressive tax systems. A regressive tax is one in which those with lower incomes and wealth pay a greater share of taxes (relative to their income).
Arizona used to have a progressive individual income tax based on a percentage of income. A progressive tax is one in which those with higher incomes and wealth pay a greater share of taxes (relative to their income).
In 2021, policymakers changed the state’s individual income tax to a flat tax that went into full effect beginning January 2023. A flat tax is one in which everyone pays the same tax rate, regardless of income or wealth. Flat tax systems are considered regressive.
The sales tax is a more regressive flat tax than the individual income tax because it applies to spent income and exempts saved income (wealth) – this means those with lower incomes pay a greater share since they cannot save much of their income.
Arizona’s dependence on flat individual income and sales taxes makes the state’s tax structure regressive.
Do Arizonans with low– and middle-incomes pay the greatest share in taxes?
Yes.
While all families in Arizona help pay for health, education, and public safety through state and local taxes, low-income and middle-income families pay a larger portion of their income in taxes, while wealthier families pay a lower share of their income in taxes after accounting for deductions and credits.
When all types of state and local taxes are combined—income, sales, and property—families with income in the lowest 20 percent pay more than twice what families in the top 1 percent do—$11.83 for every $100 of income compared to $5.01 for the highest-income families, while middle-income families pay $9.84. This upside-down tax system is regressive.
In fact, Arizona’s tax system is the 13th most regressive in the nation, according to the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy’s (ITEP) most recent Who Pays? report.
Do corporations pay their fair share?
No, many corporations end up paying little or no state income taxes.
About 70 percent of corporations that filed income taxes in Arizona in 2021 (the most recent data available) paid just $50, the minimum tax liability allowed in Arizona for corporations. Just one in ten corporations paid $5,000 or more in income taxes. Arizona’s corporate income tax rate, which used to be nearly 7 percent, is now 4.9 percent. Exemptions and tax credits passed over the years also result in less tax revenue for Arizona.
What are tax credits, and how do they affect the state budget?
A tax credit reduces the amount of taxes owed on a dollar-for-dollar basis – a $400 tax credit can wipe out a $400 tax bill.
Arizona individual and corporate taxpayers reduced their 2022 tax bills by $1 billion through the use of tax credits. Tax credits compete with state agency budgets for the same taxpayer dollars.
Tax credits lack the basic accountability and control of state spending. Unlike agency budgets that must be approved by the legislature every year, tax credits are reviewed only once every five years. Even after a review that shows questionable results, active tax credits without sunset dates remain unless a bill to repeal them passes with a two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate. While state spending cannot exceed the amounts approved by the legislature each year, very few tax credits have any limit. In addition, state legislators do not know what the revenue impact of tax credits on state revenues will be until after the credits have been used to reduce taxes paid.
Legislation passed in 2017 and revised in 2021 requires the Department of Revenue to identify tax credits that have been unclaimed for three consecutive years and begin a process to repeal those credits in the annual technical tax correction legislation. Since then, eight unused credits have been repealed.
What is “tax credit carryforward,” and how does it affect the state budget?
Individuals and corporations can accumulate unused credits to use in the future, further threatening state revenues.
For most tax credits, if taxpayers do not owe enough income tax to use the whole credit, they are allowed to save the unused portion of the credit and apply it against future tax liability.
For instance, if a taxpayer owes $300 in taxes and has contributed $400 to the charitable organizations tax credit, the $100 unused portion of the credit can be carried forward and used on next year’s tax return. The number of years a tax credit can be carried forward ranges from 5 years to 15 years.
Today, individuals and corporations are carrying forward a combined $2.3 billion balance in tax credits that can hit the state budget at any time. This carryforward amount is three times greater than the credits claimed in a single year. The carryforward balance for corporations is expected to grow because the amount of corporate taxes due will decrease with the phased-down corporate tax rate.
Can the Arizona Legislation raise taxes or eliminate credits?
It’s very difficult and has rarely happened in nearly 30 years.
Arizona’s constitution requires a supermajority (two-thirds) vote of both chambers of the legislature to raise revenue through increased taxes or to reduce or eliminate active tax credits, tax exemptions, or deductions, even when those tax giveaways are ineffective.
Since this supermajority requirement was approved by Arizona voters in 1992 via Proposition 108, the legislature has rarely met the threshold. Most recently, created a 60 percent requirement for voter-approved initiatives and referendums that raise revenue in 2022.
In contrast, tax cuts—which only need a simple majority vote to pass—have been enacted every year since 1992 except for 2003, 2020 and 2024, shrinking state revenues by more than $7 billion when adjusted for inflation.